B. Sc.- I Paper IV: Semester -II DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF VERTEBRATES


B. Sc.I Semester -II (CBCS) 
 wef June as per 
Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur

SEMESTER – II
PAPER IV: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF VERTEBRATES

Unit-I: Gametogenesis:
(a) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis with reference to mammals
(b) Vitellogenesis in birds and structure of hens egg
Unit-II: Fertilization
(a) External fertilization in amphibians
(b) Internal fertilization in mammals
(c) General mechanism of fertilization in mammals
Unit-III: Early Embryonic Development up to Gastrulation
(a) Cleavage, blastulation and gastrulation in frog
(b) Cleavage, blastulation and gastrulation in human
(c) Fate map of blastula in frog and human
Unit-IV: Placenta in mammal
(a) Implantation of blastocyst in humans, human placenta and functions
(b) Types of placenta on the basis of histology
Unit-V: Development and its Regulation
(a) Cellular differentiation: Definition, mechanism of differentiation
(b) Cellular movements: Epiboly, emboly and its significance in development
(c) Apoptosis: Definition, general mechanism and significance
Unit-VI: General Topics in Embryology
(a) Metamorphosis in frog tadpole and its hormonal regulation
(b) Types of twins in human
Unit-VII: Recent Developments in Human Embryology
(a) Principles and applications of ultrasound
(b) Causes of miscarriages

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